the knot

commissūra, ae, f. [committo].

Prop., a joining or connecting together; hence, in concr., a band, knot, joint, seam, juncture, commissure (class.):

commissura funis,

Cato, R. R. 135, 4; cf.

nodorum,

Sen. Ben. 5, 12, 2:

molles digitorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 60, 150:

mirabiles ossium,

id. ib. 2, 55, 139; id. Univ. 7 fin.:

navium,

Plin. 16, 36, 64, § 158:

nucum,

id. 17, 10, 11, § 64:

colorum,

a mingling, id. 35, 5, 11, § 29; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 4:

Piscium,

the knot in the constellation Pisces, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 311:

vitis,

Col. 3, 17, 4; id. Arb. 26, 9.—

In Quint. transf., connection in discourse, Quint. 12, 9, 17; cf. id. 7, 10, 16, 9, 4, 90:

verborum,

id. 9, 4, 37.

dē-cĭdo, cĭdi, 3, v. n. [cado], to fall off, fall down (class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

decido de lecto praeceps,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 2, 48; so,

anguis decidit de tegulis,

Ter. Ph. 4, 4, 26:

poma ex arboribus decidunt,

Cic. de Sen. 19 fin.; cf.:

e flore guttae,

Ov. M. 9, 345:

equo,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6;

for which ex equo (in terram),

Nep. Eum. 4;

and ab equo (in arva),

Ov. Ib. 259:

summo toro,

id. F. 2, 350:

arbore glandes,

id. M. 1, 106:

caelo,

Plin. 37, 10, 59, § 164; so,

caelo,

id. 2, 52, 53, § 138:

in terras imber,

Lucr. 6, 497; so,

imber,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 29:

celsae turres graviore casu,

id. Od. 2, 10, 11:

comae,

id. ib. 4, 10, 3 et saep.:

montium decidentium moles,

Plin. Ep. 8, 17, 3:

(volucris) decidit in terram,

Ov. M. 12, 569;

so in terras sidus,

id. ib. 14, 847:

in puteum foveamve auceps,

Hor. A. P. 458:

in lacum fulmen,

Suet. Galb. 8:

in dolia serpens,

Juv. 6, 432:

in casses praeda,

Ov. A. A. 2, 2:

in laqueos suos auceps,

id. Rem. Am. 502:

in turbam praedonum hic fugiens,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 42:

in praeceps,

Ov. M. 12, 339:

ad pedes tunica,

Suet. Aug. 94. —

Pregn. (like cado and concido), to fall down dead, to sink down, to die (in class. Lat. only poet.):

morbo decidunt,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 143:

nos ubi decidimus, Quo pater Aeneas,

Hor. Od. 4, 7, 14:

scriptor abhinc annos centum qui decidit,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 36:

decidit exanimis vitamque reliquit in astris,

Verg. A. 5, 517; cf. Stat. Th. 8, 125; and id. ib. 9, 755: (nupta) Decidit;

in talum serpentis dente recepto,

Ov. M. 10, 10.

Trop., to fall, drop, fall away, fail, sink:

quanta de spe decidi!

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 9;

for which quanta spe decidi!

id. ib. 4, 8, 11; Suet. Oth. 5;

and a spe societatis Prusiae,

Liv. 37, 26:

ex astris,

Cic. Att. 2, 21, 4 (cf.: astrum, no. II. B. fin.):

ego ab archetypo labor et decido,

Plin. Ep. 5, 10, 1:

eo decidit ut exsul de senatore fieret,

has fallen so low, id. ib. 4, 11, 1: oculis captus in hanc fraudem decidisti (cf. katapiptein), Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 45, § 101:

ad eas rei familiaris angustias decidit, ut, etc.,

Suet. Claud. 9 fin.; cf.:

huc decidisse cuncta, ut, etc.,

Tac. A. 3, 59:

ficta omnia celeriter tamquam flosculi decidunt,

perish, Cic. Off. 2, 12 fin.:

non virtute hostium sed amicorum perfidia decidi,

am fallen, defeated, Nep. Eum. 11 fin.:

an toto pectore deciderim,

wholly banished from her affections, Tib. 3, 1, 20 (cf. ek thumou peseein, Hom. Il. 23, 595):

qui huc deciderunt,

into this illness, Cels. 3, 21 fin.:

in hydropa,

id. ib. med.: in maximis necessitatibus, ad quas libidine deciderat, Schol. Juv. 5, 3.

dē-cīdo, cīdi, cīsum, 3, v. a. [caedo], to cut off.

Lit. (rare in ante-Aug. per.; more freq. abscīdo;

not in Caes.): taleas oleaginas tripedaneas,

Cato R. R. 45:

collum,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 37:

aures,

Tac. A. 12, 14:

virgam arbori,

id. G. 10:

caput,

Curt. 7, 2;

prov.: pennas,

to clip the wings, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 50:

malleolum,

Plin. 17, 21, 35, § 162:

filicem nascentem falce,

Col. 2, 2, 13; Sil. 4, 389 et saep.—

Transf., to cudgel, beat soundly:

aliquem verberibus decidere,

Dig. 47, 21, 2.

Trop., to decide a disputed, or, indeed, any matter (qs. to cut the knot; cf.:

dirimo and secare lites, res,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 42; id. Sat. 1, 10, 15); to determine, settle, terminate, put an end to (class., most freq. in judic. lang.; cf.: transigo, paciscor).

With acc.: damnum, XII. Tab. 12, 4; Gai. Inst. 4, 37; 4, 45:

quibus rebus actis atque decisis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45 fin.; cf.:

decisa negotia,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 59:

res transactione decisa,

Dig. 5, 2, 29;

and jam decisa quaestio,

ib. 18, 3, 4:

decidis statuisque tu, quid iis ad denarium solveretur,

Cic. Quint. 4, 17; id. Rosc. Com. 11, 32; Dig. 47, 2, 63; cf. ib. 9, 4, 22, § 4:

hoc loco praeter nomen cetera propriis decisa sunt verbis,

i. e. decidedly, clearly expressed, Quint. 8, 6, 47: ego pol istam jam aliquovorsum tragulam decidero, I will now dispose of this dart one way or another, i. e. I will now put an end to this attack, these tricks, Plaut. Casin. 2, 4, 18.—

With praepp.:

cum aliquo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § [p. 520] 79; 2, 1, 48, § 125; id. Rosc. Am. 39, 114; Plin. 7, 40, 41, § 130:

non erit uncia tota, decidat tecum qua pater ipse deum,

for which Jupiter may compound with you, Mart. 9, 4, 6; cf.:

cum patrono pecuniā,

Dig. 12, 6, 26, § 12:

de rebus,

Cic. Quint. 5, 19; id. Rosc. Com. 12, 35 sq.; id. Att. 1, 8; Just. 31, 7: decidere jactu coepit cum ventis, to compound with the winds by throwing overboard (the cargo), Juv. 12, 33.—

Absol.:

in jugera singula ternis medimnis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 48; id. Rosc. Com. 36; Aur. Vict. de Vir. Ill. 56, 4.—

To cut down, reduce, diminish:

ad tertiam partem vectigal,

Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38.

nōdus, i, m. [for gnodus; Sanscr. root gadh-, gandh-, grasp; cf. Gr. Chandanô, hold; gnathos, jaw; Lat. pre-hend-o; Germ. Knoten; Engl. knot], a knot (cf. nexus).

Lit.:

nodus vinculumque,

Cic. Univ. 4: necte tribus nodis ternos, Amarylli, colores, Verg. E. 8, 77:

Cacum Corripit in nodum complexus,

clasping him as in a knot, id. A. 8, 260:

nodos manu diducere,

Ov. M. 2, 560:

nodus Herculis or Herculaneus,

a knot difficult to untie, of which Hercules was held to be the inventor, Plin. 28, 6, 17, § 63:

unus tibi nodus, sed Herculaneus, restat,

Sen. Ep. 87, 38:

tamquam nodus Gordius difficillimus,

Amm. 14, 11, 1: cingulum (novae nuptae) Herculaneo nodo vinctum vir solvit ominis gratia, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. cingulo, p. 63 Müll.—

Transf.

A girdle ( poet.):

nodoque sinus collecta fluentes,

Verg. A. 1, 320; Mart. 6, 13, 5.—

Hence, astronom.: nodus anni,

the circle of the equator, Lucr. 5, 688.—

A mode of dressing the hair, a knot, club:

Rheni nodos,

the hair of the Germans gathered into a club, Mart. 5, 37, 8; cf.:

insigne gentis obliquare crinem nodoque substringere,

Tac. G. 38.—

Plur.:

nodi,

a knotted fishing-net, Manil. 5, 664.—

A knot, knob, node on a joint of an animal's body:

crura sine nodis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 27:

cervix articulorum nodis jungitur,

Plin. 11, 37, 67, § 177; 11, 37, 88, § 217:

dirae nodus hyaenae,

a backbone, dorsal vertebra, Luc. 6, 672.—

Hence, nodi articulorum,

a swelling, tumor on the joints, Plin. 24, 5, 13, § 21; 30, 12, 36, § 110.—

A knot, knob, fold, etc.

In wood or the branches of plants:

baculum sine nodo aduncum tenens,

Liv. 1, 18, 7; Sen. Ben. 7, 9:

stipes gravidus nodis,

Verg. A. 7, 507:

telum solidum nodis,

id. ib. 11, 553:

gracilitas harundinis, distincta nodis,

Plin. 16, 36, 64, § 158; Col. Arb. 3.—Hence, the knotty club of Hercules, Sen. Herc. Oet. 1661.—

Of a writhing serpent:

nixantem nodis seque in sua membra plicantem,

Verg. A. 5, 279.—

Prov.: nodum in scirpo quaerere, to look for knots in a bulrush (which contains none), i. e. to find difficulties where there are none, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 330 Müll. (Sat. v. 46 Vahl.):

in scirpo nodum quaeris,

Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 22; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38.—

A knot, hard part of a thing;

so of metals,

Plin. 34, 13, 37, § 136;

of precious stones,

id. 37, 10, 55, § 150.—

A star in the constellation Pisces, Cic. Arat. 14; Caes. Germ. Arat. 243.—

In astron.:

nodi,

the four points in the heavens where the seasons begin, the nodes, Manil. 3, 618; cf. id. 2, 430.—

Trop.

In gen., a band, bond:

his igitur singulis versibus quasi nodi apparent continuationis,

Cic. Or. 66, 222:

velut laxioribus nodis resolvemus,

Quint. 9, 4, 127:

amabilissimum nodum amicitiae tollere,

Cic. Lael. 14, 51.—

In partic.

A bond, obligation ( poet.):

exsolvere animum nodis religionum,

Lucr. 4, 7:

imponere nodos, i. e. jusjurandum,

Ov. H. 20, 39 Ruhnk.—

A knotty point, difficulty, impediment.— Absol.:

dum hic nodus expediatur non putet senatus nos oportere decedere,

Cic. Att. 5, 21, 3: incideramus in difficilem nodum, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 11, 1.—With gen.:

Abantem interimit, pugnae nodumque moramque,

Verg. A. 10, 428:

cum scopulus et nodus et mora publicae securitatis superesset Antonius,

Flor. 4, 9, 1:

qui juris nodos et legum aenigmata solvat (an allusion to the Gordian knot),

Juv. 8, 50 (hence, Cicuta nodosus; v. nodosus).— Esp.: nodus linguae, the bond or tie of the tongue:

nodum linguae rumpere,

Gell. 5, 9, 2:

nodos linguae solvere,

Just. 13, 7, 6.

* * *

tŏrus, i, m. (also tŏrum, i, n., Varr. ap. Non. 11, 14; Lact. 6, 23, 15) [for storus; root ster-, stra-, of sterno, stramen; Gr. storennumi, to spread, scatter], prop., a round, swelling, or bulging place, an elevation, protuberance, prominence; hence,

A knot, bulge: (funis) Cato, R. R. 135, 4:

funiculorum,

Col. 11, 3, 6; cf.:

vitis toris ad arborem religetur,

id. 5, 6, 25:

firmi vitis,

id. Arb. 16, 4.—

The muscular or fleshy part, the muscle, brawn of animal bodies (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose): o lacertorum tori! Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 9, 22; Ov. M. 2, 854; 9, 82; 12, 402; 14, 283; 15, 230; id. H. 9, 60:

leo gaudet comantes Excutiens cervice toros,

Verg. A. 12, 7:

luxuriatque toris animosum pectus,

id. G. 3, 81; Plin. 18, 7, 18, § 78; Sen. Hippol. 1042; Val. Fl. 4, 245; Tac. Or. 21:

venarum tori,

varicose dilatations of the veins, Cels. 7, 18 fin. —

Transf., the bulge, thickness of trees:

utile toros futuri draconis pasci,

Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 211; cf.:

(asparagus) in toros striatur,

id. 19, 8, 42, § 146; App. Flor. p. 363, 31.—

A raised ornament, a knot, on a garland;

trop., of language: isque (stilus mediocris) uno tenore fluit, aut addit aliquos, ut in coronā, toros omnemque orationem ornamentis modicis verborum sententiarumque distinguit,

Cic. Or. 6, 21.—

A bolster, cushion, so named from its protuberances; hence, a couch, sofa, bed (mostly poet.;

syn.: stratum, lectus): antiquis torus e stramento erat, qualiter etiam nunc in castris,

Plin. 8, 48, 73, § 193:

viridante toro consederat herbae,

Verg. A. 5, 388; cf.:

praebuit herba torum,

Ov. H. 5, 14; id. M. 8, 655:

datque torum caespes,

id. ib. 10, 556:

gramine vestitis accubuere toris,

id. F. 1, 402:

silvestrem montana torum cum sterneret uxor Frondibus,

Juv. 6, 5:

discumbere toris,

Ov. M. 8, 565.—So of a sofa:

toro sic orsus ab alto,

Verg. A. 2, 2; Ov. M. 12, 579.—Of a bed:

ambierantque torum,

Ov. M. 7, 332:

concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulvā Impositum lecto,

id. ib. 8, 655:

ebeno sublimis in atrā,

id. ib. 11, 610; Suet. Aug. 73. — Of a corpse-bed, Ov. M. 9, 503; id. F. 6, 668:

membra toro defleta reponunt,

Verg. A. 6, 220.—Of a bridalbed, Ov. M. 6, 431:

(lectica) sive illa toro resupina feretur,

Ov. A. A. 1, 487; cf. Becker, Gallus, 2, p. 240 (2d ed.).—

Transf., like thalamus, as a designation for marriage:

Deucalion... Cum consorte tori,

with his consort, spouse, Ov. M. 1, 319; cf.:

socia tori,

id. ib. 1, 620; so id. ib. 7, 91; 7, 332; id. F. 3, 511; id. P. 3, 3, 50; id. H. 2, 41:

genialis,

Tac. A. 15, 37; Val. Max. 2, 6, 14:

obscenus,

i. e. illicit connection, Ov. Tr. 2, 378; cf.

illiciti (with stupra),

Sen. Hippol. 97:

receptus in torum,

Plin. 34, 2, 6, § 12.—Hence, also, for a mistress:

torum donare alicui,

Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 87.—

An elevation, bank of earth:

riparum,

Verg. A. 6, 674; Stat. Th. 4, 819:

pulvinorum,

Plin. 19, 4, 20, § 60; 22, 22, 34, § 76.—

In architecture, a large, round moulding at the base of a column, a torus, Vitr. 3, 3, 8.

tŏrus, i, m. (also tŏrum, i, n., Varr. ap. Non. 11, 14; Lact. 6, 23, 15) [for storus; root ster-, stra-, of sterno, stramen; Gr. storennumi, to spread, scatter], prop., a round, swelling, or bulging place, an elevation, protuberance, prominence; hence,

A knot, bulge: (funis) Cato, R. R. 135, 4:

funiculorum,

Col. 11, 3, 6; cf.:

vitis toris ad arborem religetur,

id. 5, 6, 25:

firmi vitis,

id. Arb. 16, 4.—

The muscular or fleshy part, the muscle, brawn of animal bodies (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose): o lacertorum tori! Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 9, 22; Ov. M. 2, 854; 9, 82; 12, 402; 14, 283; 15, 230; id. H. 9, 60:

leo gaudet comantes Excutiens cervice toros,

Verg. A. 12, 7:

luxuriatque toris animosum pectus,

id. G. 3, 81; Plin. 18, 7, 18, § 78; Sen. Hippol. 1042; Val. Fl. 4, 245; Tac. Or. 21:

venarum tori,

varicose dilatations of the veins, Cels. 7, 18 fin. —

Transf., the bulge, thickness of trees:

utile toros futuri draconis pasci,

Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 211; cf.:

(asparagus) in toros striatur,

id. 19, 8, 42, § 146; App. Flor. p. 363, 31.—

A raised ornament, a knot, on a garland;

trop., of language: isque (stilus mediocris) uno tenore fluit, aut addit aliquos, ut in coronā, toros omnemque orationem ornamentis modicis verborum sententiarumque distinguit,

Cic. Or. 6, 21.—

A bolster, cushion, so named from its protuberances; hence, a couch, sofa, bed (mostly poet.;

syn.: stratum, lectus): antiquis torus e stramento erat, qualiter etiam nunc in castris,

Plin. 8, 48, 73, § 193:

viridante toro consederat herbae,

Verg. A. 5, 388; cf.:

praebuit herba torum,

Ov. H. 5, 14; id. M. 8, 655:

datque torum caespes,

id. ib. 10, 556:

gramine vestitis accubuere toris,

id. F. 1, 402:

silvestrem montana torum cum sterneret uxor Frondibus,

Juv. 6, 5:

discumbere toris,

Ov. M. 8, 565.—So of a sofa:

toro sic orsus ab alto,

Verg. A. 2, 2; Ov. M. 12, 579.—Of a bed:

ambierantque torum,

Ov. M. 7, 332:

concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulvā Impositum lecto,

id. ib. 8, 655:

ebeno sublimis in atrā,

id. ib. 11, 610; Suet. Aug. 73. — Of a corpse-bed, Ov. M. 9, 503; id. F. 6, 668:

membra toro defleta reponunt,

Verg. A. 6, 220.—Of a bridalbed, Ov. M. 6, 431:

(lectica) sive illa toro resupina feretur,

Ov. A. A. 1, 487; cf. Becker, Gallus, 2, p. 240 (2d ed.).—

Transf., like thalamus, as a designation for marriage:

Deucalion... Cum consorte tori,

with his consort, spouse, Ov. M. 1, 319; cf.:

socia tori,

id. ib. 1, 620; so id. ib. 7, 91; 7, 332; id. F. 3, 511; id. P. 3, 3, 50; id. H. 2, 41:

genialis,

Tac. A. 15, 37; Val. Max. 2, 6, 14:

obscenus,

i. e. illicit connection, Ov. Tr. 2, 378; cf.

illiciti (with stupra),

Sen. Hippol. 97:

receptus in torum,

Plin. 34, 2, 6, § 12.—Hence, also, for a mistress:

torum donare alicui,

Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 87.—

An elevation, bank of earth:

riparum,

Verg. A. 6, 674; Stat. Th. 4, 819:

pulvinorum,

Plin. 19, 4, 20, § 60; 22, 22, 34, § 76.—

In architecture, a large, round moulding at the base of a column, a torus, Vitr. 3, 3, 8.

artĭcŭlus, i, m. dim. [2. artus], a small member connecting various parts of the body, a joint, knot, knuckle.

A.. Lit.:

nodi corporum, qui vocantur articuli,

Plin. 11, 37, 88, § 217:

hominis digiti articulos habent ternos, pollex binos,

id. 11, 43, 99, § 244:

summus caudae articulus,

id. 8, 41, 63, § 153 al.:

crura sine nodis articulisque,

Caes. B. G. 6, 27:

ipso in articulo, quo jungitur capiti cervix,

Liv. 27, 49:

auxerat articulos macies,

i. e. had made more joints, had made the bones visible, Ov. M. 8, 807:

articulorum dolores habere,

i. e. gouty pains, Cic. Att. 1, 5 fin.; cf. Cels. 5, 18: postquam illi justa cheragra Contudit articulos, * Hor. S. 2, 7, 16; cf. Pers. 5, 58:

gladiatorem vehementis impetus excipit adversarii mollis articulus,

Quint. 2, 12, 2.—Hence, molli articulo tractare aliquem, to touch one gently, softly, Quint. 11, 2, 70.—Of plants:

ineunte vere in iis (vitibus), quae relicta sunt, exsistit, tamquam ad articulos sarmentorum, ea quae gemma dicitur,

Cic. Sen. 15, 53; Plin. 16, 24, 36, § 88:

ante quam seges in articulum eat,

Col. 2, 11, 9; so Plin. 18, 17, 45, § 159. —Of mountains, a hill connecting several larger mountains:

montium articuli,

Plin. 37, 13, 77, § 201.—

With an extension of the idea, a limb, member, in gen. (cf. 2. artus), * Lucr. 3, 697.—Hence also for a finger, Prop. 2, 34, 80; so Ov. H. 10, 140; id. P. 2, 3, 18:

quot manus atteruntur, ut unus niteat articulus!

Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 158:

ab eo missus est articulus manūs,

Vulg. Dan. 5, 24:

aspiciebat articulos manūs,

ib. ib. 5, 5: erexit me super articulos manuum mearum, on the fingers or palms of my hands, ib. ib. 10, 10. —

Trop.

Of discourse, a member, part, division: articulus dicitur, cum singula verba intervallis distinguuntur caesā oratione, hoc modo: acrimoniā, voce, vultu adversarios perterruisti, Auct. ad Her. 4, 19: continuatio verborum soluta multo est aptior atque jucundior, si est articulis membrisque (kommasi kai kôlois) distincta, quam si continuata ac producta, Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 186: (genus orationis) fluctuans et dissolutum eo quod sine nervis et articulis fluctuat huc et illuc, Auct. ad Her. 4, 11.—

Hence,

a short clause, Dig. 36, 1, 27;

also,

a single word, ib. 35, 1, 4:

articulus Est praesentis temporis demonstrationem continet,

ib. 34, 2, 35:

hoc articulo Quisque omnes significantur,

ib. 28, 5, 29.—In gram. the pronn. hic and quis, Varr. L. L. 8, § 45 Müll.; the article, Quint. 1, 4, 19.—

Of time.

A point of time, a moment:

commoditatis omnes articulos scio,

Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 31.—With tempus:

qui hunc in summas angustias adductum putaret, ut eum suis conditionibus in ipso articulo temporis astringeret,

at the most critical moment, Cic. Quinct. 5, 19:

in ipsis quos dixi temporum articulis,

Plin. 2, 97, 99, § 216: si de singulis articulis [p. 168] temporum deliberabimus, August. ap. Suet. Claud. 4;

also without tempus: in ipso articulo,

at the fit moment, at the nick of time, Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 21.—With dies:

in articulo diei illius ingressus est,

on that very day, Vulg. Gen. 7, 13.—And with res:

in articulo rerum,

Curt. 3, 5; also in articulo, instantly, immediately, = statim, Cod. Just. 1, 33, 3.—Hence with the idea extended,

A space, division of time:

hi cardines singulis articulis dividuntur,

Plin. 18, 25, 59, § 222:

octo articuli lunae,

id. 18, 35, 79, § 350: articulus austrinus, i. e. in which auster blows, id. 17, 2, 2, § 11.—

Of other abstract things, part, division, point: per eosdem articulos (i.e. per easdem honorum partes) et gradus producere, August. ap. Suet. Claud. 4:

stationes in mediis latitudinum articulis, quae vocant ecliptica,

Plin. 2, 15, 13, § 68; Dig. 1, 3, 12:

ventum est ergo ad ipsum articulum causae, i. e. ventum ad rei cardinem,

the turning-point, Arn. 7, p. 243.

centrum, i, n., = kentron (a prickle, sharp point).

Centrum circini, the stationary foot of the compasses, around which the other is carried in making a circle, Vitr. 3, 1; 9, 5.—Hence,

Meton.

The middle point of a circle, the centre, Vitr. 3, 1; 9, 1; Plin. 2, 15, 13, § 63; 2, 19, 17, § 81 et saep.—In plur.:

solis terraeque centra,

Plin. 18, 29, 69, § 281 (in Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40, used as a Greek word).—

A kernel, a hard knot in the interior of wood, precious stones, etc., Plin. 16, 39, 76, § 198; 37, 2, 10, § 28; 37, 9, 39, § 120 al.

gĕnu, ūs, n. (also nom. sing. gĕnum, n., Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 5, 44; and gĕnus, m., Lucil. ap. Non. 207, 28; gen. sing. genuis; dat. genui, genu, Mart. Cap. 3, § 293. —In neutr., nom. and acc. sing. genus, Cic. Arat. 45; 46; 399; 403; plur. gēnu͡a, as a dissyllable, Carey's Lat. Prosody, § 47; Verg. A. 5, 432; 12, 905; gen. plur. genuorum, Vitr. 9, 6 dub.; dat. plur. genubus, Sen. Thyest. 406; Hippol. 667; Mart. Cap. 3, § 293;

but usu. genibus,

Curt. 10, 5, 24; Tac. A. 12, 18; Liv. 44, 31 fin.; Ov. M. 13, 585) [kindr. with Sanscr. jānu; Gr. gonu; Goth. kniu; Germ. Knie; Engl. knee], the knee.

Lit.:

meus est ballista pugnus, cubitus catapulta est mihi, Umerus aries: tum genu ut quemque icero, ad terram dabo,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 17: hujus genus, Cic. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 22:

fine genus vestem ritu succincta Dianae,

Ov. M. 10, 536:

per aquam ferme genus tenus altam,

Liv. 44, 40, 8 Drak. N. cr.:

in ipsa genus utriusque commissura,

knee-joint, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 250:

sedatis tibi doloribus genus,

Fronto Ep. p. 134 Rom.:

dolorem genus suscitare,

id. ib. p. 138:

ne quem in cursu capite aut cubito offendam aut genu,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 3:

genu mehercule M. Antonium vidi, cum contente pro se ipse lege Varia diceret, terram tangere,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 57:

genua inediā succidunt,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 30:

dumque virent genua,

Hor. Epod. 13, 4:

genuum junctura,

knee-joint, Ov. M. 2, 823:

genuumque tumebat orbis,

knee-pan, id. ib. 8, 809: ad genua accidere, Enn. ap. Non. 517, 16 (Com. Rel. v. 9 Vahl.):

procidere,

Sen. Contr. 7, 17, 12:

ad genua se alicui submittere,

Suet. Tib. 20; cf.:

genua amplexus genibusque volutans Haerebat,

Verg. A. 3, 607:

atqui pol hodie non feres, ni genua confricantur,

i. e. be clasped in earnest entreaty, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 80; so,

fricare,

ib. 88:

nunc tibi amplectimur genua egentes opum,

id. Rud. 1, 5, 16; cf.:

exurgite a genibus,

id. ib. v. 22: advolvi, Sall. Fragm. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 311; Tac. A. 1, 13 fin.; 6, 49; 15, 71;

for which: genibus se advolvere or advolvi,

Liv. 8, 37 fin.; 28, 34, 4; Vell. 2, 80 fin.:

nixi genibus ab senatu petierunt, ne, etc.,

Liv. 43, 2, 2:

muta metu terram genibus summissa petebat,

Lucr. 1, 92:

corde et genibus tremit,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 8:

jus imperiumque Phraates Caesaris accepit genibus minor,

i. e. kneeling, beseeching, id. Ep. 1, 12, 28; Vulg. Phil. 2, 10 saep.:

genu ponere,

to bow the knee, Curt. 4, 6, 28; so,

alicui,

id. 8, 7, 13:

genu flectere, Hier. in. Eph. 3, 14: inflexo genu adorare aliquem,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 410:

nixi genibus,

on bended knees, Liv. 43, 2, 2:

per tua genua te opsecro,

Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 31:

genua incerare deorum,

i. e. to attach to the statues of the gods wax tablets with prayers written on them, Juv. 10, 55.—

Transf., of plants, a knot, joint, usually called geniculum:

a genibus (ferulae) exeuntia folia,

Plin. 13, 22, 42, § 123.

gĕnu, ūs, n. (also nom. sing. gĕnum, n., Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 5, 44; and gĕnus, m., Lucil. ap. Non. 207, 28; gen. sing. genuis; dat. genui, genu, Mart. Cap. 3, § 293. —In neutr., nom. and acc. sing. genus, Cic. Arat. 45; 46; 399; 403; plur. gēnu͡a, as a dissyllable, Carey's Lat. Prosody, § 47; Verg. A. 5, 432; 12, 905; gen. plur. genuorum, Vitr. 9, 6 dub.; dat. plur. genubus, Sen. Thyest. 406; Hippol. 667; Mart. Cap. 3, § 293;

but usu. genibus,

Curt. 10, 5, 24; Tac. A. 12, 18; Liv. 44, 31 fin.; Ov. M. 13, 585) [kindr. with Sanscr. jānu; Gr. gonu; Goth. kniu; Germ. Knie; Engl. knee], the knee.

Lit.:

meus est ballista pugnus, cubitus catapulta est mihi, Umerus aries: tum genu ut quemque icero, ad terram dabo,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 17: hujus genus, Cic. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 22:

fine genus vestem ritu succincta Dianae,

Ov. M. 10, 536:

per aquam ferme genus tenus altam,

Liv. 44, 40, 8 Drak. N. cr.:

in ipsa genus utriusque commissura,

knee-joint, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 250:

sedatis tibi doloribus genus,

Fronto Ep. p. 134 Rom.:

dolorem genus suscitare,

id. ib. p. 138:

ne quem in cursu capite aut cubito offendam aut genu,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 3:

genu mehercule M. Antonium vidi, cum contente pro se ipse lege Varia diceret, terram tangere,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 57:

genua inediā succidunt,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 30:

dumque virent genua,

Hor. Epod. 13, 4:

genuum junctura,

knee-joint, Ov. M. 2, 823:

genuumque tumebat orbis,

knee-pan, id. ib. 8, 809: ad genua accidere, Enn. ap. Non. 517, 16 (Com. Rel. v. 9 Vahl.):

procidere,

Sen. Contr. 7, 17, 12:

ad genua se alicui submittere,

Suet. Tib. 20; cf.:

genua amplexus genibusque volutans Haerebat,

Verg. A. 3, 607:

atqui pol hodie non feres, ni genua confricantur,

i. e. be clasped in earnest entreaty, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 80; so,

fricare,

ib. 88:

nunc tibi amplectimur genua egentes opum,

id. Rud. 1, 5, 16; cf.:

exurgite a genibus,

id. ib. v. 22: advolvi, Sall. Fragm. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 311; Tac. A. 1, 13 fin.; 6, 49; 15, 71;

for which: genibus se advolvere or advolvi,

Liv. 8, 37 fin.; 28, 34, 4; Vell. 2, 80 fin.:

nixi genibus ab senatu petierunt, ne, etc.,

Liv. 43, 2, 2:

muta metu terram genibus summissa petebat,

Lucr. 1, 92:

corde et genibus tremit,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 8:

jus imperiumque Phraates Caesaris accepit genibus minor,

i. e. kneeling, beseeching, id. Ep. 1, 12, 28; Vulg. Phil. 2, 10 saep.:

genu ponere,

to bow the knee, Curt. 4, 6, 28; so,

alicui,

id. 8, 7, 13:

genu flectere, Hier. in. Eph. 3, 14: inflexo genu adorare aliquem,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 410:

nixi genibus,

on bended knees, Liv. 43, 2, 2:

per tua genua te opsecro,

Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 31:

genua incerare deorum,

i. e. to attach to the statues of the gods wax tablets with prayers written on them, Juv. 10, 55.—

Transf., of plants, a knot, joint, usually called geniculum:

a genibus (ferulae) exeuntia folia,

Plin. 13, 22, 42, § 123.

quis, quid (old nom. plur. QVES, S. C. Bacch.), pron. interrog. [Sanscr. kis, in nakis = nemo; Gr. tis], who? which? what? what man? (while qui, quae, quod, interrog. is used adject.; for exceptions, v. qui and infra.—Quis is properly used only of more than two; uter, which of two? v. infra).

Masc. and fem. quis; lit.,

As subst., in a direct question.

Of males:

unde es? cujus es?

whose are you? to whom do you belong? Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 44: Da. Quis homo est? Pa. Ego sum Pamphilus, who is there? Ter. And. 5, 6, 1:

quis clarior in Graeciā Themistocle? quis potentior?

Cic. Lael. 12, 42; id. de Or. 3, 34, 137:

quis Dionem doctrinis omnibus expolivit? non Plato?

id. ib. 3, 34, 139.—

Quis, of females, as subst. and adj. (ante- and post-class.): et quis illaec est, quae? etc., Enn. ap. Non. 198, 3 (Trag. v. 133 Vahl.): quis tu es mulier, quae? etc., Pac. ap. Non. 197, 33; cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 60 Müll.:

quis ea est, quam? etc.,

who is she? Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 48:

quis haec est?

id. Pers. 2, 2, 18:

quis illaec est mulier, quae? etc.,

id. Ep. 4, 1, 6:

sed haec quis mulier est?

id. Truc. 1, 1, 76: quis nostrarum fuit, Caecil. ap. Gell. 2, 23: quis haec est simia? Afran. ap. Charis. 1, p. 84.—

As adj.

Absol., what? i. e. what sort of a person or thing? quis videor? Cha. Miser aeque atque ego, in what state or condition do I seem? what do you think of me now? Ter. And. 4, 2, 19:

quis ego sum? aut quae in me est facultas?

Cic. Lael. 5, 17. —

With nouns.

With words denoting a person (class.):

quis eum senator appellavit,

Cic. Cat. 2, 6, 12:

quis gracilis puer,

Hor. C. 1, 5, 1.—

In gen. (in Cic. only before a vowel, for qui):

quis color,

Verg. G. 2, 178:

quisve locus,

Liv. 5, 40:

quod caedis initium? quis finis?

Tac. A. 1, 48:

quis esset tantus fructus?

Cic. Lael. 6, 22. —

In neutr.

Lit.

In simple constr.:

quid dicam de moribus facillimis,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

quid est judicium corrumpere, si hoc non est?

what is bribing the court, if this be not? id. Verr. 1, 10, 28:

quid ais? quid tibi nomen est?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 208.—

With gen. partit., what? i. e. what sort of? what kind of a? quid mulieris Uxorem habes? what sort of a woman have you for a wife? Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 21:

quid illuc est hominum secundum litus?

what is that knot of people? Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 60:

quid caelati argenti, quid stragulae vestis, quid pictarum tabularum... apud illum putatis esse?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 46, 133; cf.

esp.: hoc enim, quis homo sit, ostendere est, non quid homo sit, dicere,

i. e. to point out an individual, not to define a class, Gell. 4, 1, 12.—

Esp. in phrase quid dico? what do I say? in correcting or strengthening the speaker's own expression:

Romae a. d. XIIII. Kal. volumus esse. Quid dico? Volumus? Immo vero cogimur,

Cic. Att. 4, 13, 1; id. Fam. 5, 15, 2; id. Mil. 28, 76; id. de Or. 2, 90, 365; id. Lig. 9, 26.—

Transf.

Quid? how? why? wherefore? quid? tu me hoc tibi mandasse existimas, ut? etc., Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 1:

quid hoc?

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 25:

quid? eundem nonne destituisti?

id. Phil. 2, 38, 99:

eloquere, quid venisti?

why? wherefore? Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 221:

sed quid ego argumentor? quid plura disputo?

Cic. Mil. 16, 44. —

In quid? wherefore? for what? Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3. —

Quid, with particles:

quid, quod?

what shall be said to this, that? how is it that? and furthermore, moreover, Cic. Sen. 23, 83; id. Off. 3, 25, 94; id. Ac. 2, 29, 95 et saep.:

quid ita?

why so? id. N. D. 1, 35, 99: quid ni, also in one word, quidni? why not? (in rhet. questions, while cur non expects an answer); always with subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 34; Cic. de Or. 2, 67, 73; Sen. Tranq. 9, 3; id. Ira, 1, 6, 1; cf.

separated: quid ego ni teneam?

Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 57; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28;

and pleonastically: quid ni non,

Sen. Ep. 52: quid si? how if? Caecin. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 4:

quid si illud addimus,

Cic. Lael. 14, 50:

quid tum?

what then? how then? id. Tusc. 2, 11, 26; Verg. A. 4, 543; id. E. 10, 38; Hor. S. 2, 3, 230:

quid ergo, ironically,

Caes. B. G. 7, 77; Cic. Fam. 9, 15, 14:

quid enim,

id. Fin. 2, 19, 62; Liv. 20, 9.—

In indirect discourse:

quis sim, ex eo quem ad te misi, cognosces,

Sall. C. 44, 5:

rogitat quis vir esset,

Liv. 1, 7, 9:

videbis, quid et quo modo,

Cic. Att. 11, 21, 1: quis quem, who... whom? who... the other? considera, quis quem fraudasse dicatur, who is said to have defrauded whom? id. Rosc. Com. 7, 21:

quos autem numeros cum quibus misceri oporteat, nunc dicendum est,

what... with what? id. Or. 58, 196:

notatum in sermone, quid quo modo caderet,

Quint. 1, 6, 16. — Quid with gen.:

exponam vobis breviter, quid hominis sit,

what sort of a man he is, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 54, § 134:

sciturum, quid ejus sit,

what there is in it, how much of it may be true, id. Att. 16, 4, 3.— Rarely for uter, which of two, whether:

incerti quae pars sequenda esset,

Liv. 21, 39, 6:

proelia de occupando ponte crebra erant, nec qui potirentur, satis discerni poterat,

id. 7, 9, 7:

ut dii legerent, qui nomen novae urbi daret,

id. 1, 6, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.; id. 1, 24, 3; 9, 45, 8; 10, 12, 5; cf.: validior per Germaniam exercitus, propior aput Pannoniam;

quos igitur anteferret?

Tac. A. 1, 47.

quis, quid, pron. indef.

As subst.

Alone, any one, any body, any thing; some one, somebody, something:

aperite, heus! Simoni me adesse, quis nunciate,

Plaut. Ps. 5, 1, 37:

simplicior quis, et est, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 63:

quantum quis damni professus erat,

Tac. A. 2, 26:

quanto quis clarior,

id. H. 3, 58:

injuriam cui facere,

Cic. Fin. 3, 21, 71.—

In connection with si, ne, nisi, cum:

si te in judicium quis adducat,

Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:

ne cui falso assentiamur,

id. Fin. 3, 21, 72:

si tecum agas quid,

id. Off. 1, 2, 4:

si quid in te peccavi ignosce,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

si quis quid de re publicā rumore acceperit,

Caes. B. G. 6, 20:

si quo usui esse posset,

Liv. 40, 26, 8:

ne quid nimis,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 34:

nisi quid existimas, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 73, 2:

neve quis invitam cogeret esse suam,

Prop. 1, 3, 30:

cum quid,

Col. 4, 25.—

As adj.:

jam quis forsitan hostis Haesura in nostro tela gerit latere,

Tib. 1, 10, 13.

quīs, for quibus, v. quis and qui.

* * *

caespĕs (not cespes), ĭtis, m. [caesus, caedo].

A turf, sod as cut out: caespes est terra in modum lateris caesa cum herba, sive frutex recisus et truncus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 45 Müll.: caespes chortoplinthos, chortobôlos, plinthos, Gloss.: non esse arma caespites, neque glebas, * Cic. Caecin. 21, 60.—

Used for altars, mounds (of tombs), for covering cottages, huts, etc.,

Hor. C. 1, 19, 13; Ov. Tr. 5, 5, 9; id. M. 4, 753; 7, 240; 15, 573; Verg. A. 3, 304; Tac. G. 27; id. A. 1, 62; Verg. E. 1, 69 Voss; Sen. Ep. 8, 5; Luc. 1, 512; 3, 387; Suet. Aug. 24.—

Meton.

A cot, hut, hovel, shed:

nec fortuitum spernere caespitem,

Hor. C. 2, 15, 17.—

An altar:

positusque carbo Caespite vivo,

Hor. C. 3, 8, 4; Juv. 12, 2; Tac. H. 4, 53; App. Flor. n. 1, —

Any object of similar form, a knot, knob, Plin. 17, 21, 35, § 153.—

A clump, group of plants, Plin. 21, 7, 20, § 43; Verg. G. 4, 273 Forbig. ad loc.—

In gen.

A grassy field, a green field, turf, Verg. A. 11, 566:

de caespite virgo se levat,

Ov. M. 2, 427; 4, 301; 10, 556;

13, 931: sedere in caespite nudo,

Suet. Tib. 18; Stat. Th. 12, 328; Petr. 120, 72; Plin. 16, 31, 56, § 128; 17, 4, 3, § 26.—

Late Lat., the earth, ground, in gen., Avien. Perieg. 227; 388.

gĕnĭcŭlum, i, n. dim. [genu], a little knee, a knee.

Lit. (ante- and postclass.):

pueris in geniculis alligare serperastra,

Varr. L. L. 9, § 11 Müll.:

de geniculis adorare,

Tert. Cor. Mil. 3:

dissolutio geniculorum,

Vulg. Nah. 2, 10.—

Transf., a knot or joint on the stalk of a plant, Plin. 26, 11, 71, § 117; 18, 7, 10, § 56.

glŏbus, i, m. [kindr. with glomus], a round body, a ball, sphere, globe.

Lit.

In gen.: cum duae formae praestantes sint, ex solidis globus (sic enim sphairan interpretari placet), ex planis autem circulus aut orbis, qui kuklos Graece dicitur, Cic. N. D. 2, 18, 47:

ille globus, quae terra dicitur,

id. Rep. 6, 15:

terrae,

id. Tusc. 1, 28, 68; cf.

stellarum,

id. Rep. 6, 16; 6, 17:

solis et lunae,

Lucr. 5, 472; cf.

lunae,

id. 5, 69:

cum caelum discessisse visum est atque in eo animadversi globi,

fire-balls, Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97:

in fundas visci indebant grandiculos globos,

Plaut. Poen. 2, 35: cordis, poet. for cor, Lucr. 4, 119:

farinae,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 107 Müll.; v. in the foll.—

In partic.

A dumpling:

a globo farinae dilatato item in oleo cocti dicti globi,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 107 Müll.; Cato, R. R. 79.—

In milit. lang., a close order of battle, a knot, troop, band, company, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. serra, p. 344 b. Müll.:

cum globo juvenum,

Liv. 1, 6, 7; 1, 12, 9:

emissi militum globi turbam disjecere,

Tac. A. 14, 61; 4, 50; 12, 43; 15, 60; Sil. 7, 53.—

Transf., a globular mass, a ball, globe of things collected together (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose; not in Cicero nor Cæsar): flammarumque globos liquefactaque volvere saxa, globes or masses of flame, Verg. G. 1, 473:

sanguinis,

Ov. M. 12, 238:

nubium,

Luc. 4, 74; Tac. A. 2, 23:

telorum,

Val. Fl. 6, 381. — A throng, crowd, body, or mass of people:

extrema contio et circa Fabium globus increpabant inclementem dictatorem,

Liv. 8, 32, 13:

circa eum aliquot hominum, ne forte violaretur, constitisset globus,

id. 2, 29, 2:

cum repelleretur adsertor virginis a globo mulierum,

id. 3, 47, 8:

aditum senatus globus togatorum obsederat,

Tac. A. 16, 27:

magno semper electorum juvenum globo circumdari,

id. G. 13;

and with a contemptuous secondary notion: si quem ex illo globo nobilitatis ad hoc negotium mittatis,

from that noble clique, Sall. J. 85, 10 Kritz.:

conjurationis,

Vell. 2, 58, 2; cf.

consensionis,

Nep. Att. 8, 4:

Jehu,

Vulg. 4 Reg. 9, 17.

scirpus (sometimes sirpus), i, m.

A rush, bulrush, Plin. 16, 37, 70, § 178; 7, 56, 57, § 206; Fest. p. 330 Müll.; Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 39; Vulg. Job, 8, 11. —

Prov.: nodum in scirpo quaerere, to seek a knot in a bulrush, to find a difficulty where there is none: quaerunt in scirpo, soliti quod dicere, nodum, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 330 (Sat. v. 46 Vahl.); so,

in scirpo nodum quaeris,

Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 22; and:

no dum in scirpo quaeris,

Ter. And. 5, 4, 38.—

Transf., deriving the idea of intricacy from plaited work of rushes, a riddle, enigma:

quae Graeci dicunt aenigmata, hoc genus quidam e nostris veteribus scirpos appellaverunt,

Gell. 12, 6, 1.